Hermes Olde English Bulldogge – a charming companion, steeped in historical past and brimming with character. This thorough exploration delves into the fascinating world of this breed, from its wealthy previous to its present-day appeal. We’ll uncover the breed’s origins, inspecting its evolution and relationship with different breeds, and delve into the important thing elements of its care, coaching, and total well-being.
Get able to embark on a journey into the center of this exceptional breed, studying all about their distinctive bodily attributes, temperaments, and desires.
Put together to be captivated by the Olde English Bulldogge’s distinctive options, from its strong construct to its expressive eyes. We’ll talk about their typical temperaments and personalities, and discover their distinctive wants for coaching and socialization. Understanding their historic context will make clear their charming journey, from their origins to their modern-day presence in houses and hearts. This journey of discovery guarantees an enriching expertise for anybody excited by understanding this breed’s true nature and tips on how to present them with the very best care.
Historic Context
The Outdated English Bulldog, a breed famend for its distinctive look and durable construct, boasts a wealthy historical past intertwined with the evolution of canine breeds. Its lineage, whereas not at all times simple, reveals fascinating insights into the event of canine companions. Understanding this historical past supplies context for appreciating the breed’s present-day character and enduring attraction.The Outdated English Bulldog’s growth was intricately tied to the sensible wants and evolving societal norms of its time.
Initially bred for working roles, their bodily attributes and temperament had been formed by the calls for of their duties. Their strong nature and resilience, honed over generations, have made them a breed well-suited to each companionship and occasional duties.
Origins and Early Makes use of
The Outdated English Bulldog’s origins are rooted within the bull-baiting practices of medieval England. These brutal contests concerned pitting canine in opposition to bulls, a spectacle that, whereas now outlawed, formed the breed’s bodily traits. The canine wanted energy, tenacity, and a fearless disposition to resist the highly effective animals. This intense choice course of, although morally questionable, resulted in a breed with a novel mixture of traits.
Early bulldogs had been extra closely constructed and muscular than their fashionable counterparts, reflecting the calls for of the harmful sport.
Evolution and Relationship with Different Breeds
The breed’s evolution wasn’t a linear development. Whereas bull-baiting was a big affect, different elements, such because the crossing with different breeds, additionally performed a job. This interbreeding led to variations in dimension, temperament, and look, contributing to the variety inside the breed. This evolution resulted within the breed’s distinctive mixture of traits, each bodily and behavioral.
Additional examine into historic data may help perceive the specifics of those interbreedings and their affect.
Key Milestones within the Breed’s Historical past
| Date | Occasion | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Circa sixteenth Century | Emergence of the Bulldog Kind | Early types of the bulldog emerged, probably because of the bull-baiting practices. |
| 1800s | Formalization of the Breed | Elevated consciousness and curiosity within the breed led to the event of breed requirements. |
| Eighties | Founding of Breed Golf equipment | Breed golf equipment had been shaped to standardize and promote the breed. |
| 1900s | Continued Growth and Recognition | Additional refinement and enchancment in breed requirements, gaining reputation in numerous areas. |
| Mid-Twentieth Century | Breed Preservation Efforts | Breed golf equipment and fanatics targeted on sustaining the breed’s integrity and character. |
This desk Artikels a basic timeline. Extra exact dates and particulars for particular occasions could also be accessible in specialised historic sources.
Bodily Traits
Outdated English Bulldogs, these magnificent, considerably hefty companions, possess a novel mix of energy and appeal. Their bodily attributes are as charming as their personalities, providing a glimpse into the breed’s wealthy historical past and enduring attraction. Understanding their dimension, construct, and coat traits is essential for potential homeowners.These sturdy canine will not be nearly appears; their bodily attributes are deeply intertwined with their well being and temperament.
Recognizing widespread well being considerations may help accountable homeowners make knowledgeable choices about their well-being. A well-balanced understanding of the breed’s bodily traits is important to appreciating the Outdated English Bulldog.
Measurement and Weight
The Outdated English Bulldog is a considerable breed, characterised by its strong construct. Their dimension and weight are sometimes a defining function, differentiating them from different breeds. Grownup males usually vary from 20 to 25 inches in top and 60 to 80 kilos in weight, whereas females are barely smaller, usually 18 to 22 inches in top and 50 to 70 kilos in weight.
This vary permits for variation inside the breed customary, making certain variety of their bodily presentation.
Coat Traits
The Outdated English Bulldog boasts a brief, clean coat, a testomony to their historical past as working canine. This coat requires minimal grooming, making them comparatively low-maintenance. The colour of their coat varies broadly, with widespread shades together with fawn, brindle, and white. These colours usually create placing patterns and combos, additional including to the breed’s aesthetic attraction.
Widespread Well being Considerations
Like all breeds, Outdated English Bulldogs are vulnerable to sure well being points. These embody, however will not be restricted to, hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and pores and skin issues. Accountable breeders prioritize well being testing to mitigate these dangers, providing potential consumers peace of thoughts. Understanding these predispositions empowers homeowners to proactively handle their canine’s well being.
Comparability to Related Breeds
Distinguishing the Outdated English Bulldog from related breeds just like the American Bulldog or the English Bulldog is necessary. Whereas sharing some visible similarities, Outdated English Bulldogs are notably extra substantial in construct. The Outdated English Bulldog’s facial construction, particularly their attribute wrinkled face and highly effective jaws, supplies a novel identifier. Recognizing these distinctions is essential for correct breed identification.
Bodily Attributes Desk
| Attribute | Description | Picture Description |
|---|---|---|
| Measurement | Grownup males usually vary from 20 to 25 inches tall, weighing 60 to 80 kilos. Females are usually smaller, starting from 18 to 22 inches tall and 50 to 70 kilos. | A female and male Outdated English Bulldog standing side-by-side, showcasing the standard top and dimension distinction. |
| Coat | Quick, clean, and low-maintenance. Widespread colours embody fawn, brindle, and white, usually exhibiting placing patterns. | A detailed-up picture of an Outdated English Bulldog’s coat, highlighting its clean texture and coloration variation. |
| Construct | Sturdy and substantial, characterised by a muscular body and a deep chest. | A profile view of an Outdated English Bulldog, emphasizing the highly effective musculature and total sturdy construct. |
| Well being Considerations | Potential predispositions embody hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and pores and skin issues. Accountable breeders prioritize well being testing to attenuate these dangers. | An infographic illustrating the frequency of widespread well being points within the breed, in comparison with different breeds. |
Temperament and Persona
The Outdated English Bulldog’s character is a charming mix of endearing traits and, sometimes, attribute quirks. They’re recognized for his or her loyalty and affection, usually forming sturdy bonds with their households. Understanding their temperament permits homeowners to anticipate their wants and supply the very best care.This breed’s character is deeply rooted of their historical past as working canine, and whereas their bodily presence may recommend in any other case, they possess a surprisingly light nature.
They don’t seem to be inherently aggressive however could be protecting of their family members. Understanding their distinctive wants and tendencies is vital to making sure a harmonious relationship.
Typical Temperament Traits
Outdated English Bulldogs are usually affectionate and dependable companions. Their inherent gentleness usually masks a surprisingly playful facet, resulting in a pleasant dynamic with their households. They thrive on consideration and sometimes show a want to please, making them comparatively simple to coach with constant optimistic reinforcement. Nevertheless, their cussed streak, inherited from their working ancestors, can typically manifest in coaching conditions.
It is essential to ascertain clear boundaries and constant routines to foster a well-adjusted, completely satisfied canine.
Behavioural Examples, Hermes olde english bulldogge
In social settings, a well-socialized Outdated English Bulldog could be pleasant and approachable. They usually benefit from the firm of different canine, offered they’ve had optimistic experiences with them. Their tendency to be cautious of strangers could be seen as protecting instincts, however cautious introduction and managed interactions may help them overcome this. In their very own houses, they’re usually affectionate and cuddly, searching for consolation and a spotlight from their members of the family.
They could exhibit a desire for sure people, however their loyalty stays sturdy.
Comparability with Different Bulldog Breeds
In comparison with different Bulldog breeds, Outdated English Bulldogs usually show a barely extra laid-back temperament. Their extra substantial construct typically results in a slower, extra deliberate way of living. They are not as boisterous or as simply excitable as another breeds. Nevertheless, their love of consolation and deep affection for his or her households stays constant. Variations in power ranges and socialization wants must be thought-about when selecting a Bulldog in your dwelling.
Coaching and Socialization Wants
Early socialization is essential for Outdated English Bulldogs to turn into well-adjusted adults. Constructive reinforcement strategies are extremely efficient in coaching. Consistency in instructions and routines is important. Persistence and understanding are important, as their cussed streak may require additional effort. Gradual publicity to varied environments, sounds, and other people is vital to fostering confidence and decreasing anxieties.
Early publicity helps them change into comfy in new conditions.
Figuring out Stress and Nervousness
Recognizing indicators of stress or nervousness in an Outdated English Bulldog is essential. Adjustments in behaviour, reminiscent of extreme panting, whining, or hiding, can sign discomfort. Sudden shifts in urge for food or sleep patterns can be indicators of stress. It is important to determine these indicators early and handle the underlying causes to forestall them from escalating. This includes making a secure and predictable surroundings in your canine.
Temperament and Coaching Wants Abstract
| Temperament Traits | Coaching Wants |
|---|---|
| Affectionate, Loyal, Light, Playful | Constructive Reinforcement, Consistency, Persistence |
| Protecting, Cautious of Strangers | Early Socialization, Gradual Publicity |
| Barely Laid-Again, Cussed | Clear Boundaries, Constant Routines |
| Thrive on Consideration, Search Consolation | Understanding, Addressing Underlying Causes of Stress |
Care and Upkeep
Proudly owning an Outdated English Bulldog is a rewarding expertise, nevertheless it comes with obligations. Understanding their particular wants for care and upkeep is essential for his or her well being and happiness. A well-cared-for Bulldog will thrive, bringing pleasure and companionship to your life.A dedication to offering constant care ensures your Outdated English Bulldog lives an extended and wholesome life. Correct grooming, vitamin, and veterinary consideration are key to sustaining their well-being.
Addressing potential well being considerations proactively is important for his or her total consolation and happiness.
Grooming Wants
Common grooming is important to take care of a wholesome coat and pores and skin. Brushing, ideally with a soft-bristled brush, must be performed weekly to take away unfastened hair and stop mats. This routine helps stop pores and skin irritations and promotes a shiny coat. Bathing must be performed as wanted, however extreme bathing can disrupt the pure oils of their pores and skin. Common checks for ticks and fleas are additionally necessary, particularly in environments with a excessive threat of those parasites.
Dietary Concerns
A balanced weight-reduction plan is essential for sustaining optimum well being. Excessive-quality pet food formulated for giant breeds, with particular consideration to protein content material, is beneficial. Overfeeding can result in weight acquire and related well being issues, so portion management is important. Keep away from feeding desk scraps, as these could be dangerous to their well being. Seek the advice of along with your veterinarian to find out the suitable portion sizes and dietary necessities in your particular Bulldog.
Veterinary Verify-ups
Common veterinary check-ups are important for early detection and prevention of potential well being points. These check-ups ought to embody vaccinations, parasite prevention, and basic well being assessments. Proactive care, together with common check-ups, can considerably enhance your Bulldog’s total well-being. Early intervention for any well being issues could make a considerable distinction in therapy outcomes.
Widespread Well being Points and Preventative Measures
Outdated English Bulldogs are vulnerable to sure well being points, together with hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and respiratory issues. Sustaining a wholesome weight, offering a balanced weight-reduction plan, and common train may help mitigate these dangers. Genetic testing for predispositions to those situations could be helpful for knowledgeable breeding choices. Consulting with a veterinarian is at all times beneficial to debate potential well being considerations and develop preventative methods.
Important Provides
Sustaining a cushty and secure surroundings in your Bulldog requires particular provides. A snug mattress, appropriate-sized bowls for meals and water, and durable chew toys are important. Think about a crate or a chosen space in your Bulldog to relaxation and really feel safe. Grooming provides, reminiscent of a brush and shampoo particularly designed for canine, are additionally necessary.
Moreover, having first-aid provides readily available for minor accidents could be useful.
- A snug and well-ventilated house to relaxation, reminiscent of a crate or mattress, tailor-made to your Bulldog’s dimension.
- Sturdy chew toys to fulfill their pure urge to chew and stop harmful conduct.
- Excessive-quality meals applicable for giant breeds and their particular dietary necessities.
- Acceptable-sized bowls for meals and water, making certain they’re simple to scrub and preserve.
- Common grooming provides like a soft-bristled brush, shampoo, and nail clippers to maintain their coat wholesome and well-maintained.
- First-aid provides for minor accidents, together with antiseptic wipes and bandages.
- A leash and collar for secure walks and out of doors actions.
Coaching and Dealing with
Outdated English Bulldogs, with their endearing appeal and distinctive personalities, require a nurturing strategy to coaching. Profitable coaching hinges on understanding their particular wants and using methods that resonate with their nature. This part delves into efficient strategies, emphasizing optimistic reinforcement and addressing widespread challenges. A key side of dealing with these magnificent canine is security and effectivity, each for the canine and the handler.Constructive reinforcement is paramount in shaping a well-adjusted Outdated English Bulldog.
This strategy builds belief and fosters a optimistic affiliation with studying. Consistency is essential within the coaching course of; a predictable routine helps the canine perceive expectations and facilitates a clean studying curve. Avoiding harsh or punitive strategies is important for sustaining a harmonious relationship.
Efficient Coaching Strategies
Understanding the breed’s tendencies and motivations is vital to crafting an efficient coaching plan. Outdated English Bulldogs usually reply effectively to light steerage and reward. Their eagerness to please, coupled with their intelligence, makes them receptive to optimistic reinforcement methods. Avoidance of punishment is necessary, as it may possibly result in worry and nervousness. Coaching classes must be quick and targeted, conserving the canine engaged and stopping boredom or frustration.
Significance of Constructive Reinforcement
Constructive reinforcement methods, reminiscent of rewarding desired behaviors with treats, reward, or toys, are elementary to profitable coaching. This strategy fosters a optimistic studying surroundings and builds a robust bond between handler and canine. Consistency in rewarding desired behaviors is essential; the canine wants to obviously perceive what is anticipated. This predictable strategy builds confidence and encourages repetition of the specified actions.
Potential Challenges in Coaching
Outdated English Bulldogs, whereas usually pleasant, can typically exhibit stubbornness or possessiveness, notably with sure coaching instructions. Persistence and persistence are key in overcoming these challenges. Addressing any underlying anxieties or fears by means of optimistic reinforcement methods and gradual desensitization may help. Searching for skilled steerage from an authorized canine coach or behaviorist is a viable possibility if the challenges persist.
Suggestions for Dealing with the Breed Safely and Successfully
Dealing with an Outdated English Bulldog requires understanding their bodily traits. Their quick snouts could make them prone to overheating; subsequently, it is important to take care of quick coaching classes in cooler environments. Utilizing light and supportive dealing with methods, avoiding sudden actions or loud noises, ensures a optimistic interplay. Guaranteeing correct help for the canine, particularly when lifting or carrying, prevents damage.
Widespread Errors Throughout Coaching and Different Options
One widespread mistake is utilizing punishment or intimidation to appropriate undesirable behaviors. This strategy usually results in worry and nervousness, hindering progress. A simpler different is to redirect the canine’s consideration to a desired conduct, rewarding it promptly and persistently. One other widespread error is inconsistency in coaching; a scarcity of a structured routine makes it tough for the canine to grasp expectations.
A constant day by day schedule helps set up clear boundaries and expectations.
Coaching Strategies Comparability
| Coaching Technique | Effectiveness | Concerns |
|---|---|---|
| Constructive Reinforcement | Excessive | Requires persistence and consistency |
| Aversive Strategies | Low | Can create worry and nervousness |
| Mixture Strategies | Reasonable | Requires cautious steadiness and consideration |
Well being Concerns: Hermes Olde English Bulldogge
Proudly owning an Olde English Bulldogge is a rewarding expertise, nevertheless it’s essential to grasp their potential well being predispositions. Accountable possession includes proactive measures to make sure their well-being and an extended, completely satisfied life. This part will delve into widespread well being considerations, preventative methods, and the importance of accountable breeding practices.
Widespread Well being Points and Predispositions
Olde English Bulldogges, like many brachycephalic breeds, are prone to particular well being issues. These points usually stem from their distinctive facial construction and physique kind, which might result in respiratory difficulties, skeletal considerations, and different situations. Understanding these predispositions is important for accountable possession.
Preventative Measures and Early Detection
Proactive measures play a pivotal position in minimizing the chance of well being issues. Common veterinary check-ups, a balanced weight-reduction plan, and constant train are cornerstone methods. Early detection of any well being points is essential. This usually includes paying shut consideration to your bulldog’s conduct and searching for skilled recommendation if you happen to discover any adjustments. Recognizing refined indicators could make a world of distinction within the end result.
Significance of Genetic Testing and Accountable Breeding
Genetic testing is a robust device in figuring out potential well being dangers inside a lineage. This info empowers breeders to make knowledgeable choices and choose breeding pairs that reduce the possibility of passing on undesirable traits. Accountable breeding practices prioritize the well being and well-being of the puppies over purely aesthetic considerations. This dedication ensures a more healthy future era.
Acceptable Veterinary Look after the Breed
Discovering a veterinarian skilled with brachycephalic breeds is important. They perceive the distinctive wants and challenges these canine face, which permits for personalised care tailor-made to their breed-specific predispositions. This specialised data is vital to offering the very best veterinary care. This proactive strategy can considerably affect their total well being and longevity.
Significance of Common Train and Weight Administration
Sustaining a wholesome weight and incorporating common train are important for Olde English Bulldogges’ well-being. This helps stop varied well being issues related to weight problems and lack of bodily exercise. A well-balanced train routine, tailor-made to their bodily wants, could make a considerable distinction of their total well being and longevity. This must be a part of their day by day routine, simply as it’s for any pet.
Abstract of Widespread Well being Points
| Well being Concern | Signs | Preventative Measures |
|---|---|---|
| Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome | Snorting, gasping, issue respiration, noisy respiration, particularly throughout train. | Common check-ups with a vet specializing in brachycephalic breeds. Keep away from overheating. Think about a specialised weight-reduction plan. |
| Hip Dysplasia | Limping, stiffness, reluctance to train. | Common train, sustaining a wholesome weight, and genetic screening in breeding inventory. |
| Eye Issues (e.g., Progressive Retinal Atrophy) | Cloudy or hazy imaginative and prescient, issue navigating. | Common eye exams, genetic screening, and a balanced weight-reduction plan. |
| Pores and skin Allergy symptoms | Redness, itching, hair loss. | Common pores and skin checks, hypoallergenic shampoos and meals. Keep away from recognized allergens. |
| Weight problems | Extreme weight acquire, issue respiration, lethargy. | Balanced weight-reduction plan, common train, and weight administration program. |
Way of life and Atmosphere
The Outdated English Bulldog, with its endearingly goofy appeal and durable construct, thrives in a house that gives each consolation and stimulation. Understanding their wants for train, psychological enrichment, and the correct residing house is vital to making sure their happiness and well-being. A well-structured way of life performs a pivotal position of their total well being and longevity.A supportive surroundings that acknowledges their breed-specific traits is essential.
They respect a loving and constant routine, and offering them with applicable house and engagement prevents boredom and related behavioral points. Their strong physique, although usually endearing, requires cautious consideration when it comes to train and house.
Superb Dwelling Atmosphere
Outdated English Bulldogs, whereas adaptable, do greatest in a house surroundings that caters to their particular wants. These canine are vulnerable to overheating, so a well-ventilated house is important. A house with a safe yard, or a spot the place they’ll safely roam and play, can be splendid.
Significance of Train and Psychological Stimulation
Common train is important for sustaining a wholesome weight and stopping potential well being issues in Outdated English Bulldogs. Quick, frequent walks are extra useful than rare, lengthy ones. Their strong construct shouldn’t be mistaken for limitless stamina; pacing their exercise is vital. Psychological stimulation is simply as necessary as bodily exercise. Interactive toys and puzzle feeders maintain their minds engaged, stopping boredom and harmful behaviors.
Puzzle toys, particularly designed to dispense treats, present an interesting approach for them to burn power and keep mentally alert.
Appropriate Houses and Dwelling Conditions
A house with a fenced yard is right, however even a well-managed residence is usually a appropriate surroundings. The hot button is offering adequate train, psychological stimulation, and a cushty house. Residence dwellers can incorporate quick walks and playtime into their day by day routine. Think about dog-walking providers or canine parks for extra in depth train wants.
Adapting to Totally different Environments
Outdated English Bulldogs can adapt to varied residing conditions, however gradual introductions to new environments are essential. For instance, introducing them to totally different noises, sights, and smells may help them change into extra comfy and resilient. Constructive reinforcement and consistency are important in serving to them adapt to new locations.
Comparability of Housing Choices
| Housing Choice | Suitability for Outdated English Bulldog | Concerns |
|---|---|---|
| Spacious Home with Yard | Wonderful | Offers ample house for train and play |
| Townhouse with a Patio | Good | Ample house for train, however may have extra out of doors house |
| Residence | Honest | Requires extra structured train routines and psychological stimulation |
Suggestions for Profitable Adaptation
“Consistency in routine, optimistic reinforcement, and gradual introductions to new environments are key to profitable adaptation.”
Introducing them to totally different sounds and sights may help them change into extra comfy and resilient. Step by step exposing them to new conditions will reduce nervousness and guarantee a smoother transition.
Historical past of the Breed’s Reputation
The Olde English Bulldogge’s journey by means of common tradition is an interesting narrative of shifting tastes and evolving perceptions. From humble beginnings to moments of fame, its story mirrors broader societal developments. Understanding this historical past affords helpful perception into the breed’s enduring attraction and its place within the hearts of homeowners and the general public alike.The breed’s journey has been formed by varied elements, from preliminary recognition to durations of elevated and decreased curiosity.
Its present standing is a results of complicated interactions between breeders, fanatics, and the general public’s evolving preferences. Analyzing these interactions supplies a clearer image of the breed’s current place on the planet of canine companions.
Early Recognition and Preliminary Development
The Olde English Bulldogge, a breed with a wealthy lineage, emerged from a mix of English Bulldogs and different bulldog-type breeds. This crossbreeding resulted in a novel breed, capturing the eye of fanatics and breeders. Early reputation was pushed by the breed’s distinctive look, a mix of energy and magnificence, and its temperament, characterised by a pleasant and dependable nature.
This preliminary interval witnessed the event of breed requirements and the institution of breed golf equipment, contributing to the breed’s rising recognition inside the canine group.
The Rise to Prominence
The breed’s reputation skilled a notable surge throughout the mid-Twentieth century, coinciding with a rising curiosity in canine companionship. Elevated media protection, that includes the breed in tv exhibits and commercials, contributed considerably to its visibility. The breed’s adaptability to varied existence, mixed with its comparatively low upkeep wants, made it enticing to a broader vary of potential homeowners.
Moreover, the breed’s look, usually described as placing and charismatic, probably contributed to its reputation.
Components Contributing to the Rise and Fall
A number of elements have influenced the breed’s reputation all through its historical past. The breed’s preliminary reputation was probably a mixture of its placing look and the rising demand for canine companionship. Nevertheless, a decline in reputation could be attributed to considerations concerning the breed’s well being and potential temperament points. Breeders’ practices, together with the breed’s inherent traits, performed an important position in figuring out its picture and attraction.
Depiction in Common Tradition
The Olde English Bulldogge has made appearances in common tradition, though maybe not as prominently as another breeds. The breed’s portrayal in these media displays modern perceptions and developments, providing a glimpse into the general public’s understanding of the breed over time. These appearances, whether or not in movie, tv, or on-line platforms, assist form public notion and curiosity within the breed.
Cultural Shifts in Notion
The breed’s picture and notion have undergone important shifts all through its historical past. Early portrayals usually targeted on the breed’s bodily attributes, whereas later depictions emphasised its temperament and suitability as a household companion. These shifts replicate evolving cultural values and preferences concerning canine companions. Over time, the breed’s picture has transitioned from a purely aesthetic focus to a extra complete understanding of its character and total suitability.
Timeline of Key Moments within the Breed’s Cultural Historical past
| 12 months | Occasion | Affect |
|---|---|---|
| 1900s | Preliminary breeding and growth | Basis of the breed and preliminary recognition. |
| Fifties | Improve in reputation, media protection | Wider public publicity and acceptance. |
| Nineteen Seventies-Eighties | Considerations about well being and temperament | Potential decline in reputation because of particular points. |
| Nineteen Nineties-2000s | Continued breeding and well being enhancements | Renewed curiosity and acceptance as a household pet. |
| 2010s-present | Continued reputation and numerous media portrayals | Ongoing evolution of public notion and engagement. |
